Cell Culture Proteins | Recombinant Human TGFβ1

Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) is a heterodimeric polypeptide of a class of structurally related proteins. It is a large family of cell signaling molecules with the same biological properties. The transduction of TGF-β signals depends on type I and type II receptors on the cell membrane, and is mediated by the Smad protein pathway after receptor ligand binding. TGF-β binds to type I receptors and induces phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3. TGF-β receptors remain active for at least 3-4 hours after binding to ligands. Phosphorylated Smad2 and Smad3 bind to Smad4 to form a complex form, which enters the cell nucleus to regulate target gene transcription. In addition, Smad7 binds to R-Smads, which bind to type I receptors and can interfere with the phosphorylation of TGF-β/smad to prevent the Smad complex from entering the cell nucleus to exert its negative regulatory effect.

The biological function of TGF-β is mainly studied in inflammation, tissue repair and embryonic development. TGF-β1 is particularly important in regulating development, tissue homeostasis and regeneration. It is a major participant in tumorigenesis, fibrotic diseases, immune dysfunction and various congenital diseases. The most concerned is its regulatory role in tumor development. The role of TGFβ1 in cancer is very complex, showing a dual role of inhibition or promotion according to the stage of cancer.

TGF-β can promote the growth of fibroblasts, osteoblasts and Schwann cells, and can transform the phenotype of normal fibroblasts, that is, in the presence of epidermal growth factor (EGF), it changes the adhesion growth characteristics of fibroblasts and obtains the ability to grow in agar, and loses the inhibitory effect of density dependence in growth. On the other hand, they can promote the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) such as collagen and fibronectin and inhibit the degradation of ECM, play an important role in the morphogenesis, proliferation and differentiation of cells, and are beneficial to embryonic development and cell repair. Animal in vivo experiments have shown that local injection of TGF-β can promote wound healing and the formation of typical granulation tissue. There are TGF-β receptors on the surface of many cells, so the TGF-β family is widely involved in the body's damage repair and tissue formation processes.